Brihadeeswarar Temple, Thanjavur: The Great Living Chola Temple
Introduction
The Brihadeeswarar Temple, also known as the Peruvudaiyar Kovil or the “Big Temple,” is one of the most iconic monuments in India. Located in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, this UNESCO World Heritage Site is a masterpiece of Dravidian architecture, built during the Chola dynasty’s reign. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, the temple stands as a testament to the architectural brilliance and cultural significance of the Cholas.
Historical Overview
Built by Raja Raja Chola I (1010 CE)
The temple was commissioned by Raja Raja Chola I, one of the greatest kings of the Chola dynasty. It marked the zenith of Chola architectural and cultural achievements.
Architectural Brilliance
The temple is constructed entirely out of granite, with its 216-foot-tall vimana (tower) being one of the tallest in the world. Despite the massive scale, no binding material like cement was used, showcasing exceptional engineering skills.
Inscriptional Legacy
The temple walls are adorned with inscriptions that provide detailed accounts of the Chola dynasty, their governance, temple management, and Raja Raja Chola’s contributions. These inscriptions are invaluable historical records.
Architect Vastu Perunthachan
The temple’s design and execution are attributed to the legendary architect Vastu Perunthachan, who ensured every element was mathematically precise and aligned with Vastu principles.
Architectural Detailing
Vimana (Tower)
The vimana, also called the Rajarajeshwaram, is a 13-tiered structure that dominates the skyline. The single stone at the top, weighing around 80 tons, is believed to have been placed using an inclined plane stretching over several kilometers.
Nandi Statue
The temple features a massive Nandi (bull) statue, carved out of a single stone. It is approximately 16 feet long and 13 feet high, symbolizing devotion to Lord Shiva.
Murals and Sculptures
The temple boasts intricate carvings, sculptures, and murals that depict episodes from Hindu mythology, particularly stories of Lord Shiva, and Chola military conquests.
Granite Marvel
Despite being located far from granite quarries, the temple is built entirely of granite stones, with an estimated 130,000 tons used in its construction.
Rituals and Worship
Daily Rituals
Worship at the Brihadeeswarar Temple follows traditional Shaivite customs. Daily pujas and offerings are made to the Shiva lingam in the sanctum sanctorum. Rituals include:
- Abhishekam: Sacred bathing of the lingam with milk, honey, and water.
- Alankaram: Decoration of the deity with flowers, sandal paste, and jewelry.
- Aarti: Offering of camphor and lamps.
Unique Practice
Unlike many Shiva temples, the shadow of the temple’s vimana does not fall on the ground at noon, adding a mystical element to the structure.
Festivals at Brihadeeswarar Temple
- Mahashivaratri: Celebrated with grandeur, attracting thousands of devotees.
- Raja Raja Chola’s Coronation Day: A festival celebrating the contributions of Raja Raja Chola with cultural programs.
- Aani Thirumanjanam: Dedicated to the holy cleansing of the deity in June-July.
- Karthigai Deepam: Celebrated in November-December, with the temple illuminated by oil lamps.
Temple Timings
The Brihadeeswarar Temple welcomes devotees throughout the year.
- Opening Hours: 6:00 AM to 12:30 PM and 4:00 PM to 8:30 PM.
- Special Puja Timings: Early morning rituals start at 6:00 AM, while evening aartis are performed at 7:30 PM.
Nearby Attractions
- Thanjavur Palace: Known for its art and cultural exhibits.
- Saraswathi Mahal Library: Houses ancient manuscripts and palm-leaf records.
- Schwartz Church: A colonial-era structure reflecting Thanjavur’s diverse history.
Conclusion
The Brihadeeswarar Temple stands as a magnificent testament to Tamil Nadu’s rich cultural and architectural heritage. Its blend of devotion, art, and history makes it a must-visit site for devotees and history enthusiasts alike. Whether you come to marvel at its architectural grandeur or seek spiritual solace, the temple promises an unforgettable experience.
“Let the divine grace of Lord Shiva and the legacy of Raja Raja Chola inspire us to appreciate the beauty of devotion and art.”